Maurice Manalo

Bmw E30 Convertible Rear Window Seals Diagram

Overestimating your car's value is as old as car-selling itself. How many times has someone seen a vintage Camaro make bank at a televised Barrett-Jackson auction and then decided their own burnt-out muscle car shell also deserved the six-figure treatment? But sometimes they're more like Zillow's discontinued "make me move" option than a hilariously overconfident seller who swears they "know what they have." This low-revving Reagan-era BMW coupe priced as much as a brand-new 330i is a perfect example.

This admittedly pristine 1984 BMW 325e caught the eyes of The Drive staff recently. It is as shiny and spotless as E30 3 Series coupes get, with only 29,843 miles. It's in BMW's beautiful bright Hennarot shade of red and has the stouter Getrag 260 five-speed gearbox.

The owner also wants $39,900 for this BMW with the low-redline, efficiency-special Eta motor, which is often derided as "BMW's most unloved engine." That's considerably more than E30-generation BMW M3s go for these days.

It's stunning that a 325e could be priced so high, but plausible. The autojourno-industrial complex has only served to validate overconfident sellers in recent years through what I call the "Bring a Trailer effect." The ubiquity of the internet and the media's frequent coverage of Bring a Trailer's highest-priced examples of familiar cars baffles many of us, but then it emboldens a wider variety of sellers to list total moonshot prices in classifieds. Everyone saw that $82,000 Acura Integra Type R from Bring a Trailer. It's a short walk from that to a more common Integra GS-R getting listed for $14,000 on Craigslist, perhaps to recoup some of the cash poured into modifications.

Or there's the nice 1999 Honda Civic Si with an aftermarket head unit and a suspiciously large exhaust tip aiming for $19,998 on AutoTrader. After all, many sellers figure, if that completely unmodified '99 Civic Si with a fifth of the miles could fetch $24,000 on Bring a Trailer, why can't a less pristine example do the same? Even if "I know what I have," "no lowballers," and/or "serious offers only" aren't directly spelled out in high-priced classified ads, they're often implied in today's extremely online age whenever a pricey ad gushes over the car's positives.

Back to this car. Much of the 325e's ad was copied from a glowing Wikipedia entry (complete with Wikipedia's numbered citation brackets) that paints the Eta motor in a positive light:

This 29,843 original miles 1984 BMW 325E is one of 285,134 built-in 1984 for the North American market and is presented in Hennarot Red exterior with a black interior. The 325e uses the stronger Getrag 260 5-speed with a 3.23 rear gear ratio. The 325e was an economy version and was released as a lower revving, more fuel-efficient engine. The E is an abbreviation for eta, which is used to represent the thermal efficiency of a heat engine. To maximize low-rev torque, the engine was the largest available in an E30, aside from the South Africa-only 333i model. The 2.7 L (160 cu in) engine had a longer stroke than the 2.5 L, with a more restrictive head, four cam bearings instead of seven (less internal friction), and single valve springs (instead of the dual valve springs used by the 2.5 L engine). This resulted in 90 kW (120 hp) at 4250 rpm and, more importantly, 240 N·m (180 lb·ft) at 3250 rpm.[25][24] (without catalytic converter) Peak torque for the 2.5 L (150 cu in) engine is 215 N·m (159 lb·ft) at 4000 rpm. The front MacPherson struts and rear semi-trailing arm suspension are a compact arrangement that leaves a lot of cabin and boot space for the car's overall size.

Less internal friction! The largest-displacement E30 engine in the North American market! It all sounds wonderful but leaves the power comparisons to other BMW engines out of the conversation. The 325e may have a great chassis and offers tons of fun, but with its diesel-like redline, it's just not the kind of fun you'd expect from a naturally aspirated BMW. Yet when considering other cars in that price range, there's really no conceivable reason any 325e should go for $39,000.

To learn more, The Drive reached out via email to the listed point of contact, Kennith Stewart, as it's only fair, and it turns out that this BMW came from a private collection. Stewart is the General Sales Manager for Paramount Classic Cars in North Carolina, and he told us this particular car came from the dealership owner's own collection.

"We have had many BMW owners come in and look at it comparing to their 325s. They were very impressed and appreciative of its original condition," Stewart told The Drive. "When we decided to sell this particular time capsule of a 325e, we looked in the marketplace and were NOT able to find one as nice as his one. We priced it as to where we could sell it and be comfortable NOT being able to replace it with one as nice."

This is a case where the owner is content holding onto it until the right 325e fan comes along. Ultimately, the price the owner is willing to let this hard-to-replace BMW sell for is up to him, so long as both parties are comfortable with it.

"We always work with our customers to ensure they are comfortable with the price they acquire a vehicle for. They are never pressured to buy something they do not want," Stewart stressed. "We understand that and are okay to keep some cars in our collection because we are not able to replace them."

The price may fit the "I know what I have" meme, but for a car that they're content holding onto, it's hard to look at it in the same light as your average ran-when-parked, no-lowballers ad. Who knows? The highest-volume BMW manufacturing facility in the world is right there in the other Carolina, after all, so the right person may be right there. And it may be successful in getting buyers in the door.

So, as we've seen with this high-priced Bimmer, it's worth giving people the benefit of the doubt when you can. I just can't imagine there are that many buyers lined up for it.

Got a tip? Send us a note: tips@thedrive.com

Source: https://www.thedrive.com/news/31851/why-this-bmw-325e-yes-325e-is-listed-for-39900

Posted by: manalomaurice355.blogspot.com

sensor Powerpoint Template Free Download

When you create a presentation and then save it as a PowerPoint template (.potx) file, you can share it with your colleagues and reuse it again. To create a template, you'll need to modify a slide master and a set of slide layouts.

Download Choose from thousands of free templates to download at Microsoft templates

Click a heading below to open the section and see detailed instructions:

  1. Open a blank presentation: File > New > Blank Presentation

  2. On the Design tab, select Slide Size > Custom Slide Size and choose the page orientation and dimensions you want.

  3. On the View tab, in the Master Views group, choose Slide Master.

    On the View tab, click Slide Master

    The slide master is the largest slide image at the top of the slide thumbnail list, to the left of your slides. Associated slide layouts are positioned beneath the slide master.

    Slide Master

  4. To make changes to the slide master or slide layouts, on the Slide Master tab, do any of the following:

    • To add a colorful theme with special fonts and effects, click Themes, and choose a theme from the gallery. Use the scrollbar on the right to see more themes.

      PowerPoint themes

    • To change the background, click Background Styles, and choose a background.

      PowerPoint background styles

    • To add a placeholder (to hold text, a picture, chart, video, sound, and other objects), in the thumbnail pane, select the slide layout that you want to hold the placeholder, and do the following:

      • Click Insert Placeholder, and select the type of placeholder you want to add.

        Shows the Insert Placeholder button in the Slide Master View in PowerPoint

      • On the slide master or slide layout, click and drag to draw the placeholder size.

        Tip:   To resize a placeholder, drag the corner of one of its borders.

    • To move a placeholder around on a slide master or slide layout, select the edge and then drag it into a new position.

      Moving a placeholder on a slide

    • To remove an unwanted placeholder in a slide master or slide layout, select it in the slide thumbnail pane, and then select the border of the placeholder on the slide and press Delete.

    • To set the page orientation for all of the slides in your presentation, click Slide Size > Custom Slide Size.

      Custom Slide Size menu option

      Under Orientation, choose Portrait or Landscape.

      Click Portrait

  1. On the File tab, click Save As (or Save a Copy, if you are using Microsoft 365).

  2. Under Save, click Browse to open the Save As dialog box.

    Click the Browse button near the bottom of the pane to open the Save As dialog box
  3. In the Save As dialog box, in the Save as type list, choose PowerPoint Template.

    Save as a PowerPoint Template

    When you choose the "template" type, PowerPoint automatically switches the storage location to the appropriate folder, the Custom Office Templates folder.

  4. In the Save As dialog box, in the File name box, type a file name for your template, or do nothing to accept the suggested file name.

  5. Select Save.

  6. To use your template for a new presentation, click File > New. Then click Custom > Custom Office Templates, and then double-click the template you saved.

    Under File > New, click Custom and then Custom Office Templates.

See Also

Create your own theme in PowerPoint

Save a slide design (theme) as a template

Edit, change, or delete a placeholder

What is a slide master?

What is a slide layout?

Create and use your own template in Office for Mac

Important: Office 2010 is no longer supported. Upgrade to Microsoft 365 to work anywhere from any device and continue to receive support.

Upgrade now

On the File tab, click Save As, in the File name box give your template a name, and then in the Save as type box, select PowerPoint Template (*.potx).

Save your presentation as a .potx file

Click a heading below to open the section and see the instructions:

To begin creating the template that you'll use in your presentation, do the following:

  1. Open a blank presentation.

  2. On the Design tab, select Page Setup, and choose the orientation and page dimensions you want.

  3. On the View tab, in the Master Views group, click Slide Master.

    Tip:   In Slide Master view, in the slide thumbnail pane, the slide master represents the larger slide image, and the associated layouts are smaller, positioned beneath it.

    Slide Master with layouts

    1. Slide master

    2. Associated layouts

  4. To customize the slide master and associated layouts, do one or more of the following:

    • To remove an unwanted, default placeholder from a layout, in the slide thumbnail pane, click the slide layout that contains the placeholder, click the border of the placeholder in the presentation window, and then press DELETE.

    • To add a text placeholder, in the slide thumbnail pane, click the slide layout that you want to contain the placeholder, and then do the following:

      1. On the Slide Master tab, in the Master Layout group, click Insert Placeholder, and then click Text.

      2. Click a location on the slide master, and then drag to draw the placeholder.

        Tip:   To resize a placeholder, drag the corner of one of its borders.

      3. Type descriptive text that prompts the users of your template to enter specific information.

    • To add other types of placeholders that contain content such as pictures, clip art, screen shots, SmartArt graphics, charts, movies, sounds, and tables, on the Slide Master tab, in the Master Layout group, click Insert Placeholder, and then click the type of placeholder that you want to add.

    • To add character by using color and a background, do one of the following:

      1. To apply a theme (to include color, formatting, effects, in a layout) to your presentation, on the Slide Master tab, in the Edit Theme group, click Themes, and then select a theme.

      2. To change the background, on the Slide Master tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then select a background.

  1. To save your template, click the File tab, and then click Save As.

  2. In the File name box, type a file name, or do nothing to accept the suggested file name.

  3. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Template (.potx).

    When you choose the "template" type, PowerPoint automatically switches the storage location to the appropriate folder, the \Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\ folder.

  4. Select Save.

  5. To use your template for a new presentation, click File > New. Then click My templates. In the New Presentation dialog box, select the template you saved, and click OK.

    If you need assistance applying your new template to a presentation, see Apply a template to your presentation.

    On the File tab of the ribbon, select New, then select the My Templates  button.

Links to more information about PowerPoint templates

  • Apply a template to your presentation

  • Understand the difference between PowerPoint templates and themes

  • What is a slide master?

  • What is a slide layout?

Important: Office 2007 is no longer supported. Upgrade to Microsoft 365 to work anywhere from any device and continue to receive support.

Upgrade now

To apply a new or different PowerPoint 2007 template that already exists, see Apply a template to your presentation.

Best practice for creating a template

When you create a template, add any content to the slide master in Slide Master view that you want to protect from being changed by users of your template, such as instructional prompt text, logos, header and footer information, subject matter content, a background, formatting, colors, fonts, and effects.

Users of your template will work in Normal view, guided by the instructional prompts that you added. The template users will replace the instructional prompt text and other placeholder content with data that is specific to their own project or presentation.

  1. Open a blank presentation.

  2. On the Design tab, select Page Setup, and choose the orientation and page dimensions you want.

  3. On the View tab, in the Presentation Views group, click Slide Master.

  4. On the Slide Master tab, in the Edit Master group, click Insert Slide Master.

    Notes:

    • In the slide thumbnail pane, the slide master represents the larger slide image, and the associated layouts are positioned beneath it.

    • Many presentations contain more than one slide master, so you may have to scroll to find the one that you want.

  5. To begin customizing the slide master, do one or more of the following:

    • To remove any of the built-in slide layouts that accompany the default slide master, in the slide thumbnail pane, right-click each slide layout that you don't want to use, and then click Delete Layout.

    • To remove an unwanted, default placeholder, in the slide thumbnail pane, click the slide layout that contains the placeholder, click the border of the placeholder in the presentation window, and then press DELETE.

    • To add a text placeholder, in the slide thumbnail pane, click the slide layout that you want to contain the placeholder, and then do the following:

  6. On the Slide Master tab, in the Master Layout group, click Insert Placeholder, and then click Text.

  7. Click a location on the slide master, and then drag to draw the placeholder.

    Tip:   To resize a placeholder, drag the corner of one of its borders.

  8. Type descriptive text that prompts the users of your template to enter specific information.

    • To add other types of placeholders that contain content such as pictures, clip art, SmartArt graphics, charts, movies, sounds, and tables, on the Slide Master tab, in the Master Layout group, click the type of placeholder that you want to add.

    • To apply a theme (to include color, formatting, effects, in a layout) to your presentation, on the Slide Master tab, in the Edit Theme group, click Themes, and then click a theme.

    • To change the background, on the Slide Master tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click a background.

    • To set the page orientation for all of the slides in your presentation, on the Slide Master tab, in the Page Setup group, click Slide Orientation, and then click either Portrait or Landscape.

    • To add text to appear in the footer at the bottom of all of the slides in your presentation, do the following:

      1. On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Header & Footer.

      2. In the Header and Footer dialog box, on the Slide tab, select the Footer check box, and then type the text that you want to appear at the bottom of your slides.

      3. To display the footer content on all slides, click Apply to All.

        For more information about using footers, see Show footer information on your slides.

  1. Click the Microsoft Office Button Office button image, and then click Save As.

  2. In the File name box, type a file name, or do nothing to accept the suggested file name.

  3. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Template (*.potx).

    When you choose the "template" type, PowerPoint automatically switches the storage location to the appropriate folder, the \Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\ folder.

  4. Select Save.

  5. If you need assistance applying your new template to a presentation, see Apply a template to a new presentation.

Apply a template to a new presentation

See Apply a template to your presentation.

You can't create a template in PowerPoint for the web. You have to use a desktop version of PowerPoint instead.

Source: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-and-save-a-powerpoint-template-ee4429ad-2a74-4100-82f7-50f8169c8aca

Posted by: manalomaurice355.blogspot.com

powerpoint Presentation On Lathe Machine Download

Lathe Machine is a Production Machine tool. Here today we will study the Definition, Parts, Operation, Specification of Lathe machines.

You can download the whole document in a PDF format, I will add the PDF download link at the bottom of this article.

So let me give you the introduction of the lathe machine tool.

Lathe Machine Introduction:

The Lathe was invented by Jacques de Vaucanson around 1751.

The Lathe Machine is an ancient tool. At the very early stage this machine was developed around 1300 BC at that time there were not developed so many parts except headstock and Tailstock. But during the industrial revolution Metalworking lathes evolved into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts.

Between 19 and 20 centuries the electric motor is replaced line shafting as a power source.

Then in 1950, the servomechanism is applied to control lathe and other machine tools by numeric, Direct numerical control machine.

The Lathe is the most versatile machine tool among all standards of the machine tool.

Nowadays the manually controlled machine exists like a CNC machine and even do with the help of a feed mechanism the lathe machine operates manually.

Lathe Machine Definition:

A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove metals from a workpiece to give a desired shape and size. Lathe Machines are used in metalworking, woodturning, metal spinning, thermal spraying, glass working, and parts reclamation.

The various other operations that you can perform with the help of a Lathe Machine can include sanding, cutting, knurling, drilling, and deformation of tools that are employed in creating objects which have symmetry about the axis of rotation.

There are several components of a lathe, later on, I discuss the most important Parts of the Lathe with their function. It is also known as the father of all standard machine tools.

The function of Lathe is to remove the metal in the form of chips from a piece of work by mounting the same rigidly on a machine spindle and revolving at the required speed and the cutting tool is fed against the work either longitudinally or crosswise to make the work to the required shape and size.

Parts of the Lathe Machine and their functions:

So what are the Parts of a Lathe machine? A lathe machine tool consists of several parts like:

  1. Headstock
  2. Bed
  3. Tailstock
  4. Carriage
  5. Saddle
  6. Cross-slide
  7. Compound rest
  8. Toolpost
  9. Apron
  10. Lead Screw
  11. Feed rod
  12. Chuck
  13. Main spindle
  14. Leg

Let me explain all these parts in detail.

Head Stock:

Head Stock is situated at the left side of the lathe bed and it is the house of the driving mechanism and electrical mechanism of a Lathe machine tool.

  • It holds the job on its spindle nose having external screw threads and internally Morse taper for holding lathe center. And it is rotating at a different speed by cone pulley or all geared drive. There is a hole throughout spindle for handling long bar work.
  • Head Stock transmit power from the spindle to the feed rod, lead screw and thread cutting mechanism.

Accessories mounted on headstock spindle:

  1. Three jaw chuck
  2. Four jaw chuck
  3. Lathe center and lathe dog
  4. Collect chuck
  5. Faceplate
  6. Magnetic chuck

A separate speed change gearbox is placed below the headstock to reduce the speed in order to have different feed rates for threading and automatic lateral movement of the carriage. The feed rod is used for most turning operations and the lead screw is used for thread cutting operations.

head stock components
(Image source: By Glenn McKechnie – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=933532)

Bed:

It is the base of the lathe machine. It is made of the single-piece casting of Semi-steel ( Chilled Cast Iron). The bed consists of two heavy metal slides running lengthwise, with ways or 'V' formed upon them and rigidly supported with cross girths.

  • It is sufficiently rigid and good damping capacity to absorb vibration.
  • It prevents the deflection produced by the cutting forces.
  • It supports the headstock, tailstock, carriage and other components of the lathe machine.

Tail Stock:

Tail Stock is situated on the right side above the lathe bed.

It is used for:

  • Support the long end of the job for holding and minimizes its sagging.
  • It holds the tool for performing different operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, etc.
  • And it is also used for a small amount of taper for a long job by offsetting the tailstock.
Components of tailstock

Carriage:

The carriage is used to support, guide, and feed the tool against the job when the machining is done.

  • It holds moves and controls the cutting tool.
  • It gives rigid supports to the tool during operations.
  • It transfers power from feed rod to cutting tool through apron mechanism for longitudinal cross-feeding.
  • It simplifies the thread cutting operation with the help of lead screw and half nut mechanism.

It is consists of:

  1. Saddle
  2. Cross-slide
  3. Compound rest
  4. Toolpost
  5. Apron

It provides three movements to the tool:

  1. Longitudinal feed-through carriage movement
  2. Cross feed-through  cross slide movement
  3. Angular feed-through top slide movement
components of carriage
(Source: By Glenn McKechnie – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=931394)

Saddle:

Generally, it is made up of 'H' shaped casting and it has a 'V' guide and a flat guide for mounting it on the lathe bed guideways.

Cross-slide:

It is assembled on the top of the saddle. The top surface of the cross-slide is provided with T-slot.

Compound rest:

It supports the tool post and cutting tool in its various positions. It can be swiveled at any desired position in the horizontal plane. It is necessary for turning angles and boring short tapers.

Tool post:

It is the topmost portion of the carriage and it is used to hold various cutting tools or tool holders.

There are three types of tool post commonly used and those are:

  1. Ring and rocker tool post
  2. Squarehead tool post
  3. Quick change tool post

Apron:

An apron is a house of the feed mechanism. It is fastened to the saddle and hangover in front of the bed.

Lead screw:

A lead screw is also known as a power screw or a translation screw. It converts rotational motion to linear motion. Lead Screw is used for Thread Cutting operation in a lathe machine tool.

Feed Rod:

Feed rod is used to move the carriage from the left side to the right side and also from the right side to the left side.

Chuck:

Chuck is used to holding the workpiece securely.

There are generally 2 types of chucks:

  1. 3 jaw self-centering chuck
  2. 4 jaw independent chuck

Main Spindle:

The spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft in which long jobs can pass through it.

It is designed so well that the thrust of the cutting tool does not deflect the spindle.

Leg:

Legs are carrying an entire load of a lathe machine tool and transfer to the ground. The legs are firmly secured to the floor by the foundation bolt.

Schematic diagram of the lathe machine:

schematic diagram of lathe machine

Types of Lathe Machine

A lathe machine tool is used for removing the excess material from the workpiece to give the required shape and size to the workpiece.

So how many types of Lathe machines are there? Lathe machine has been categorized into the following types:

  • Center or Engine Lathe
  • Speed Lathe
  • Capstan and Turret Lathe
  • Tool Room Lathe
  • Bench Lathe
  • Automatic Lathe
  • Special Purpose and
  • CNC Lathe Machine

We are going to study each and every important point of these 8 different types of lathe machines.

Center or Engine Lathe Machine:

Center or Engine Lathe Machine is the most widely used lathe machine and still, it is, in every workshop, this machine is present.

Operations like Turning, facing, grooving, Knurling, threading and more, such operations are performed on this type of machine.

Engine lathe machine has all the parts such as bed, Saddle, headstock, and tailstock, etc. The headstock of an engine lathe is rigid and the tailstock is moveable which is further used to support an operation like knurling.

It can easily feed the cutting tool in both directions i.e. longitudinal and lateral directions with the help of feed mechanisms.

Center Lathe machines are driven by the gear mechanism or pulley mechanism.

It has three types of driven mechanisms, and those are Belt-driven, Motor-driven, Gearhead type.

engine lathe
Engine Lathe (Image courtesy: IndiaMart)

Speed Lathe:

Speed lathe is also called a Wood Lathe.

As the name indicates "Speed" the machine works with high speed. The headstock spindle is rotating at a very high speed. The parts having like headstock, tailstock, but it's not having feed mechanism like center or engine lathe having. The feed we provide is manually operated.

The speed ranges of this machine operated between 1200 to 3600 RPM.

Speed lathe is used for spinning, centering, polishing, and machining wood.

speed lathe
Speed Lathe (Image courtesy: Indiamart)

Capstan and Turret Lathe:

This is an advanced technology of the manufacturing industry.

The capstan and turret lathe machine is used for Mass production (large Quantity) and is a modified version of the engine lathe machine.

This machine is used where their sequence of operation is performed on the workpiece, there is no alternative operation performed on this machine.

These machines were provided by hexagonal turret head instead of the tailstock in which multiple operations (Turning, facing, boring, reaming) were performed in a sequence without changing its tool manually, after each operation the turret rotated.

It also consists of three tool posts. It requires more floor space than other lathe machines.

Capstan and turret lathe is using for only large jobs.

The main advantage of using capstan and turret lathe is even less skilled operators can do a job.

Tool Room Lathe:

The toolroom lathe machine operates to speed up to 2500 rpm.

The parts are almost the same similar to the engine lathe machines but the parts are built very accurately and should be arranged in proper sequence because this lathe is used for highly precious work with very fewer tolerances.

It is mainly used in grindings, working on the tool, die gauges, and machining work where accuracy is needed.

Tool room lathe
Toolroom lathe (Image courtesy: IndiaMart)

Bench Lathe:

Bench lathe machines are mounted on the bench.

This type of lathe machine is small in size and use for very small precision work. It has all the similar parts of engine lathe and speed lathe.

how a bench lathe looks?
Bench Lathe (Image courtesy: IndiaMart)

Automatic Lathe:

As the name indicates "Automatic lathe" performs work automatically.

Standard lathes have some drawbacks i.e. they are not used for mass production. But automatic lathes are used for mass production. Some mechanisms are responsible for the automation in it.

Here there is no need to change the tool manually because it changes automatically.

Having this machine the main advantage is that a single operator can handle machines more than 4 to 5 machines at a time.

These types of lathes are high speed and heavy-duty.

Automatic lathe image
Automatic lathe (Image courtesy: Indiamart)

Special Purpose Lathe:

As the name indicates "special purpose lathe" the machine performs the special types of operation which can not be performed on standard and other machines.

It is known for the heavy-duty production of identical parts.

Some examples of special lathes include Vertical lathes, Wheel lathes, T-lathe, Multi Spindle lathes, Production lathes, Duplicate or tracer lathes, etc.

Wheel lathe is used for machining journals and rail rods. It is also used for turning the threads on locomotive wheels.

The "T -lathe" is used for machining rotors for jet engines. The axis of the lathe bed is at right angles to the axis of the headstock spindle in the form of a T.

CNC Lathe Machine:

CNC stands for Computerized numerically controlled.

This is widely used as a lathe in the present time because of its fast and accurate working. It is one of the most advanced types.

It uses computer programs to control the machine tool. Once the program is fed into the computer as per the program it starts operation with very high speed and accuracy.

Even do preplanned programmed machine is there in which once code is set for the various operations it can starts operation without changing code in the next time.

A semi-skilled worker can easily operate this after the initial setup is done.

These types of lathes are also used for mass production like capstan and turret but there is no programmed fed system.

The components manufactured by these lathes are very accurate in dimensional tolerances.

CNC Lathe
(Source: By Kentindustrialusa – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46513649)

Now discuss the operations performed in a Lathe

A Lathe Machine consists of the following operation:

  • Centering
  • Facing
  • Turning
  • Chamfering
  • Knurling
  • Thread cutting
  • Drilling
  • Boring
  • Reaming
  • Spinning
  • Tapping
  • Parting off

Before continuing any operation in lathe we have to load the job and center it on the head-stock spindle.

In lathe operations, the headstock spindle holds the job and it rotates with the same speed as the spindle. The carriage holding the tool on the tool post, also the carriage gives the tool post moves longitudinally or crosswise direction to give the desired feed on the job.

These two motions (longitudinally and crosswise) helps to remove the chips of the metal and giving the proper shape of the job.

The Lathe is such a versatile machine that it can produce another lathe.

It is tough to mentioned which operations are not performed in a lathe machine tool, though we discuss some important lathe operations in detail.

Centering operation in the lathe:

We use this operation for producing a conical hole in the face of the job to make the bearing support of the lathe center when the job is to hold between two centers. (Head-stock and Tail-stock).

CENTERING OPERATION
CENTERING OPERATION

Facing operation in the lathe:

Facing operation is for making the ends of the job produce a smooth flat surface with the axis of operation or a certain length of a job.

In this operation,

  1. Hold the job on Head-stock spindle using Three or four-jaw chuck.
  2. Start the machine on desire RPM to rotate the job.
  3. Give a desirable feed on the perpendicular direction of the axis of the job.
FACING OPERATION
FACING OPERATION

Turning operation in the lathe:

The operation by which we remove the excess material from the workpiece to produce a cone-shaped or a cylindrical surface.

There are several types of turning operations, those are:

  1. Straight turning
  2. Shoulder turning
  3. Rough turning
  4. Finish turning
  5. Taper turning
  6. Eccentric turning

Straight turning:

This operation is done to produce a cylindrical surface by removing excess material from the workpiece.

It is done in the following ways:

  1. Mount the job by suitable job holding device and check the trueness of the job axis with the lathe axis.
  2. Hold the cutting tool on the tool post and set the cutting edge at the job axis or slightly above it.
  3. Set the spindle as per the desired feed.
  4. Give depth of cut as per finish or rough cut.
  5. Start the machining.
  6. Engage automatic feed to move the carriage with the tool to the desired length, then disengage the feed and carriage is brought back to its starting.
  7. The process is repeated until the job finished.
STRAIGHT TURNING OPERATION
STRAIGHT TURNING OPERATION

Shoulder turning:

A shoulder turning is called which has a different diameter to form a step from one diameter to another.

There are four kinds of shoulder.

  1. Square
  2. Beveled
  3. Radius
  4. Undercut
Diagram of Square, beveled, radius, under-cut shoulder turning operations
SHOULDER TURNING

Rough turning:

It is a process of removal of excess material from the workpiece in minimum time by applying a high rate of feed and heavy depth of cut.

the depth of cut is around 2 to 5mm and the rate of feed is 0.3 to 1.5mm/revolution.

Finish turning:

The finish turning operation needs high cutting speed, minimum feed, and a very small depth of cut to generate the smooth surface.

In finish turning the depth of cut is around 0.5 to 1mm and the rate of feed is 0.1 to 0.3 mm/revolution.

Diagram of ROUGH TURNING & FINISH TURNING OPERATIONS
ROUGH TURNING AND FINISH TURNING

Taper turning:

First, let me give you an idea about the taper.

A taper is defined as a uniform decrease or increase in the diameter of a workpiece along with its length.

The operation by which a conical surface of the gradual reduction in diameter from a cylindrical workpiece is produced is called taper turning.

TAPER TURNING OPERATION
TAPER TURNING

Taper turning methods:

A tapering form may be done by any one of the following methods.

  1. Taper turning by form tool
  2. By swiveling the compound rest
  3. Tail-stock set over method
  4. By taper turning attachment

Let me discuss them in brief.

Taper turning by form tool:

It is used to form a short length of taper by using a form tool or broad nose tool.

Any increase in the length of the taper will require the use of a wider cutting edge which may destroy the workpiece due to the vibration and spoil the workpiece.

In this operation, the tool angle must be half of the taper angle.

Taper turning by swiveling the compound rest:

This method is used for turning steps and short tapers.

It is done as follows:

  1. Set the compound rest by swiveling it from the centerline of the lathe center through an angle equal to a half taper angle.
  2. Clamp the carriage in place.
  3. After adjusting and setting the tool, feed is applied by the compound rest's feed handle to complete the taper.

Tail-stock set over method:

Set over of tail-stock from its center-line is done equal to half taper.

Job is held between the centers. The length of the workpiece will be long enough. An only a small taper on a long job is done by this process.

It is used for external taper only.

By taper turning attachment:

It is done in the following ways:

  1. The cross slide is first made free from lead screw by hinder screw.
  2. The rear end of the cross slide is then tightened with a guide block by a belt.
  3. Set the guide bar at an angle to the lathe axis. (Half taper angle)
  4. The required depth of cut is given by the compound slide is at a right angle to the lathe axis.

Chamfering operation:

Chamfering is used for beveling the end of a job to remove burrs, to look better, to make a passage of the nut into the bolt.

This operation is done after thread cutting, knurling, rough turning.

Chamfering operation
CHAMFERING

Knurling operation:

It is the process of producing a rough surface on the workpiece to provide effective gripping.

The knurling tool is held rigidly on the tool post and pressed against the rotating job so that leaving the exact facsimile of the tool on the surface of the job.

Knurling operation
KNURLING

Thread cutting operation :

It is the operation that is used to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical or conical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job revolved between the two centers.

Tool setting for thread cutting operation:

The tool should be set exactly to the height of the centerline of the job and at 90 degrees to the job.

Tool setting gauge is used for this purpose.

Feeding during thread cutting operation:

It is done in two ways.

  1. The tool may be feed exactly at 90 degrees to the job axis but it does not have good cutting action because only the front end of the tool does cutting.
  2. The tool may be feed at an angle from 27-30 degrees at which the compound rest may be set so that the complete side of the tool is used for cutting action which gives a better polish on the threads.

Job speed during threading:

The job speed will be 1/3 to 1/4th of the job speed in turning operation.

Drilling operation:

Drilling is an operation by which we can make holes in a job.

In this operation, the job is rotated at the turning speed on the lathe axis and the drilling tool is fitted on the tail-stock spindle. And the tail-stock is moved towards the job by hand feed.

Drilling operation
DRILLING

Boring operation:

In this operation, we can enlarge the diameter of the existing hole on a job by turning inside with some farm tool known as a boring tool.

The boring tool is also fitted on tail-stock.

BORING OPERATION
BORING OPERATION

Reaming operation:

Reaming is the operation for sizing or finishing a drilled hole to the required size by a tool called a reamer.

This tool is fitted on tail-stock.

REAMING OPERATION
REAMING OPERATION

Spinning operation:

In this operation, the job of this sheet metal is held between the former and the tail-stock center rotates at high speed with the former.

the long round nose forming tool rigidly fixed on a special tool post presses the job on the periphery of the former. So the job is taken exactly the shape of the former.

This is a chipless machining process.

Tapping operation:

We use this operation for creating internal threads within a hole by means of a tool called tap.

Three taps are generally used in an internal thread.

  1. Taper Tap
  2. Second Tap
  3. Plug Tap

Parting-off operation:

It is the operation of cutting off a bar-type job after complete the machining process.

In this operation a bar-type job is held on a chuck, rotates at turning speed, a parting-off tool is fed into the job slowly until the tool reaches the center of the job.

PARTING-OFF OPERATION DIAGRAM IN LATHE
PARTING-OFF OPERATION

Specification of a Lathe:

A Lathe is generally specified by:

  1. Swing- the largest work diameter that can be swung for the lathe bed.
  2. The distance between the headstock and tailstock center.
  3. Length of the bed in a meter.
  4. The pitch of the lead screw.
  5. Horsepower of the machine.
  6. Speed range and the number of speeds of HS spindle.
  7. The weight of the machine in a tonne.

I also wrote an article on Milling Machine: Definition, Parts, Types, Operations and Drilling machine you may check that too.

Video lecture on Lathe machine tool if you wish you can check this video for brief knowledge:


Source: NPTEL By: Prof. Asimava Roy Choudhury (IIT, Khargapur)

Video of different types of Lathe operations

Conclusion:

Hey, now I want to hear from you. I hope you understand the definition, parts, types, operations, and specifications of a lathe machine.

In case you wanna read this type of article on the Shaper machine you can check this article for that "Shaper Machine: Definition, Parts, Types, and Operations", also you can find your desired topic on this page: Manufacturing Technology, here you can find all the articles on Manufacture technology.

If you have any queries or doubts about the lathe machine tool, you can ask me in the comment section and also you can join our Facebook group. I will love to hear from you and am glad to help you. Till then enjoy rest your day. Cheers

SOME FAQ:

What are the different types of lathe operations?

A lathe is a versatile machine tool, you can perform almost any operation but in general, we use the lathe for turning, facing, chamfering, learning, thread cutting, drilling, boring, reaming, etc.

Who invented lathe?

David Wilkinson, a US-based mechanical engineer in the early 19 century invented lathe machine tools.

What are the different types of taper turning methods in Lathe?

There are generally 4- types of taper turning methods, those are taper turning by form tool, swiveling the compound rest, tail-stock set over method, and taper turning attachment.

What are the different types of turning?

There are 6- types of turning and those are straight turnings, shoulder turning, rough turning, finish turning, taper turning, eccentric turning.

Can I perform drilling operations in a lathe?

Yes, of course. You can perform drilling as well as reaming, boring operations using tailstock.

Is it necessary to do a centering operation before performing any operation in the lathe?

Yes, it is. Otherwise, your alignment will be wrong, and the job, as well as the tool, maybe wear out.

References:

  • Wikipedia (Lathe)
  • Manufacturing process II by NPTEL
  • Lathe machine by DM Skoglund, PS Petersen, RJ Grimm – US Patent 3,121,357, 1964

External Links:

  • https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-mechanism-of-a-lathe-machine
  • Morse taper working (From Reddit)
  • Chuck
  • Power screw or a translation screw
  • Direct numerical control machine

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How Does an E-ZPass Work?

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Those who commute to work or take road trips regularly, especially over long distances, may have come across toll plazas where you pay to cross over into another region. Lines for cars to pass through tolls can get incredibly long, making for frustrating commutes — especially if you're in a rush. Thankfully, the early 1990s saw the dawn of E-ZPass, which allowed drivers to eliminate the need to stop at tolls across 17 states in the Midwestern and Eastern United States. So, what is E-ZPass — and how, exactly, does it work?

What Is an E-ZPass?

E-ZPass is an electronic toll collection (ETC) system that allows commuters and travelers to prepay with cash or a credit card so that they may easily bypass toll roads, bridges and tunnels throughout certain states in the Midwest and on the East Coast of the United States. E-ZPass is currently accepted in the following states: Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, and West Virginia.

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Once enrolled in the system, passholders are able to drive straight through a toll station without stopping thanks to the E-ZPass-specific lanes. Through their state's E‑ZPass program, drivers can choose from a variety of monthly prepaid plans depending upon which one suits their driving habits best. Additionally, businesses can purchase an aptly-named business account with E-ZPass for five or more employees. Best of all, some states' tolls are actually discounted if drivers pay via the E-ZPass system.

Not sure if E-ZPass is worth it? Although other ETC systems in non-E-ZPass states use similar technology, the ever-expanding E-ZPass has rebranded quite a few of these other ETC systems and toll lanes, making it a great long-term investment.

How Does an E-ZPass Work?

With E-ZPass, drivers receive a toll transponder — a small device that can be easily attached to a vehicle's windshield, thus allowing the toll lane to recognize the car as an E-ZPass holder. As the vehicle passes through the specified lane for the program, an overhead antenna searches for and reads the toll transponder. The driver's E-ZPass account is then charged the proper toll amount.

Photo Courtesy: E-ZPass/Getty Images

Think you can cheat the system? Not likely. If a vehicle doesn't have a transponder, the E-ZPass system picks up on that. Video cameras attached to the toll plaza will also take pictures of your vehicle and license plate, which means that bill will find you eventually.

How Can You Purchase an E-ZPass?

You can see if your state offers E-ZPass by visiting the E-ZPass Group's official website. The company has a full list of states where the program is offered as well as links to the individual state programs. To participate, you'll have to either fill out an application online, by mail or via fax. Each application requires contact and vehicle information as well as the specific monthly plan and number of transponders you need from E-ZPass. The transponders are free, but customers must keep their accounts stocked with funds so that the tolls are paid automatically.

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In order to replenish their account funds, customers can use the auto-replenish feature, which means E-ZPass will automatically charge the credit card on file whenever the account balance is low. Additionally, customers may replenish their accounts with cash, check, or money order by visiting an E-ZPass Service Center in person. Better yet, the brand now offers an "On the Go" package, which provides customers with a transponder and prepaid toll balance of $25, making it a great option for folks who need immediate access to an E-ZPass. Just be sure to register the transponder within seven days of its first use.

How to Use Your E-ZPass Account

Once users have registered online and received their transponder, they are able to create an E-ZPass account online to track their toll use. From these accounts, users are also able to see their account balance and modify their plan and payment method.

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Not a fan of going completely digital? Users can also get their account balance through an itemized statement in the mail on either a monthly or quarterly basis — or, if snail mail is too slow, they can call up E-ZPass's automated telephone system. If you're constantly on the go and unable to check your account manually, a toll fare display near the E‑ZPass lane will display messages as you drive by, including "low balance" warnings.

The Benefits of an E-ZPass

Simply put, E-ZPass is a more convenient way to travel through toll stations. Drivers don't have to worry about sitting in long lines or having cash on hand. Since passholders just drive on through the toll plazas, the E-ZPass system is also helpful in reducing traffic congestion, which, in turn, helps reduce auto emissions, especially in populous areas like New Jersey and New York.

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Ultimately, this electronic toll collection system is a huge timesaver for those who find themselves at toll booths on a regular basis. And, depending upon where you live, purchasing an E-ZPass can be a great long-term investment.

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